Formulas of Electrical

Common electrical units used in formulas and equations are:

• Volt- unit of electrical potential or motive force - potential is required to send one ampere of current through one ohm of resistance
• Ohm - unit of resistance - one ohm is the resistance offered to the passage of one ampere when impelled by one volt
• Ampere - units of current - one ampere is the current which one volt can send through a resistance of one ohm
• Watt - unit of electrical energy or power - one watt is the product of one ampere and one volt - one ampere of current flowing under the force of one volt gives one watt of energy
• Volt Ampere - product of volts and amperes as shown by a voltmeter and ammeter - in direct current systems the volt ampere is the same as watts or the energy delivered - in alternating current systems - the volts and amperes may or may not be 100% synchronous - when synchronous the volt amperes equals the watts on a wattmeter - when not synchronous volt amperes exceed watts - reactive power
• Kilovolt Ampere - one kilovolt ampere - KVA - is equal to 1,000 volt amperes
• Power Factor- ratio of watts to volt amperes

Electric Power Formulas

W = E I         (1a)
W = R I²         (1b)
W = E²/ R         (1c)
where
W = power (Watts)
E = voltage(Volts)
I = current (Amperes)
R = resistance (Ohms)

Electric Current Formulas

I = E / R         (2a)
I = W / E         (2b)
I = (W / R)^1/2         (2c)

Electric Resistance Formulas

R = E / I         (3a)
R = E²/ W         (3b)
R = W / I²         (3c)

Electrical Potential Formulas - Ohms Law

Ohms law can be expressed as:

E = R I         (4a)
E = W / I         (4b)
E = (W R)^1/2         (4c)

Example - Ohm's law

A 12 volt battery supplies power to a resistance of 18 ohms.

I = (12 Volts) / (18 ohms)
    = 0.67 Ampere

Electrical Motor Formulas

Electrical Motor Efficiency

μ = 746 P_hp / W_input         (5)
where
μ = efficiency
P_hp = output horsepower (hp)
W_input = input electrical power (Watts)

or alternatively

μ = 746 P_hp / (1.732 E I PF)         (5b)

Electrical Motor - Power

W_3-phase = (E I PF 1.732) / 1,000         (6)
where
W_3-phase = electrical power 3-phase motor (kW)
PF = power factor electrical motor

Electrical Motor - Amps

I_3-phase = (746 P_hp) / (1.732 E μ PF)         (7)
where
I_3-phase = electrical current 3-phase motor (Amps)
PF = power factor electrical motor