65 way to Increase Efficiency of Electricity Energy

COOKING 

1 Keep the door closed. Ever time you open it the temperature drop about 20 degrees (c)
2 Cook several dishes at the one time.If you are cooking small items use the frypan.
3 When cooking small quantities use one sauce pan with dividers.
4 Keep food warm at 70-80 deg(c) Higher temperatures waste electricity and over cook food.
5 Use oven heat for plate warming.
6 Use utensils with flat bottoms and well fitting lids.Make sure they cover hotplates.
7 To cook vegetables the water doesn't need to be boiling furiously - a gentle simmer is enough.
8 Fan type ovens reduce cooking costs.
9 Use bright clean hotplate reflectors to send the heat upwards where it is wanted.
10 Pressure cookers can save up to 25% of power.
11 Use small appliances eg. griller,crockpot,wok,etc for appropriate foods.
12 Thaw frozen foods before cooking - this saves about 15 minutes cooking per 450 grams (one pound).
13 A microwave is very economical for suitable functions -it is excellent for reconstituting food.
14 Don't use grill-boiler plate on top of range for utensils not large enough to cover it.
15 Don't boil water on a hotplate - use an electric kettle.
16 Make sure your oven door seals properly.

Efficiency of Electricity Energy

How to increase efficiency of  Electricity Ennergy  is a popular question. It involves energy conservation and lessens real dollars and preserves a public resource. Here are some ways to cut energy costs without compromising your lifestyle too much.

Control heating and cooling costs
In some climates, heating and cooling represent the largest part of household energy use. In many climates, running your air conditioner at 78 instead of 72 will earn 40% of your cooling bill. You don't have to freeze or roast to death in order to use less energy and earn money. Here are a few tips:

1. How to Save Electricity? Make sure your filters are clean. Check with the manufacturer of your equipment or with your utility company to see if filters on your units need to be cleaned.
2. Don't heat or cool when no one is home. If you are going to be gone for more than a half an hour, you can turn your heating or cooling off or down. Don't turn off the heat in a cold climate because that may result in the pipes breaking.
3. Supplement your main unit with portable units Running a fan can help you use less air conditioning. Using portable heaters when you are asleep or otherwise staying in one room can mean less use of heat if it means that you don't have to use the main unit.
4. Try setting your thermostat to run less frequently Turn your air conditioner up a degree or two or your heater down a degree or two and see if you still can be comfortable.
5. Time your opening and closing of windows and drapes to reduce heading and cooling costs. On cold, sunny days, opening curtains and drapes while leaving windows closed will help you heat your home. Opening the windows on summer nights helps cool your home. Buying storm windows in some climates reduces heating costs.
6. Check for holes in your roof and in your pipes. This can help reduce up to 10 per cent of your heating and cooling costs.

Capacitor Bank

As I've mentioned previously, the main purpose of a capacitor bank for the purposes of high power experiments is to deliver as much power as possible as quickly as possible, and in order to do that the capacitors have to be able to deliver very large currents. In order for this to be possible the parasitic resistances and inductances of the connections between capacitors need to be minimized. This means wide flat conductors with large cross-sections.

For any budget-minded design the first step is probably going to be locating a source of capacitors. In my mind, two categories of capacitors stand out - electrolytic capacitors and pulse capacitors. Pulse capacitors are typically large and have maximum voltage ratings in the thousands of volts and are generally expensive. Electrolytics, on the other hand, are limited to about 500V, are  smaller, and are reasonably cheap if you can get them as surplus. I went with electrolytic capacitors, as I found a source for 128 Philips 3,600uF 350VDC 400VDC Surge rated capacitors that were recovered from old GE medical imaging equipment on eBay for about $25 per 8 capacitors ($400 total).

The Work of Inverter

So how can an inverter give us a high voltage alternating current from a low voltage direct current.
Let's first consider how an alternator produces an alternating current. In its simplest form, an alternator would have a coil of wire with a rotating magnet close to it. As one pole of the magnet approaches the coil, a current will be produced in the coil. This current will grow to a maximum as the magnet passes close to the coil, dying down as the magnetic pole moves further away. However when the opposite pole of the magnet approaches the coil, the current induced in the coil will flow in the opposite direction.

 

alternator

The Terms of Thermodynamics

• Chemical energy - is related to the relationships between molecules in chemical compounds. When chemicals mix they may give of heat (exothermic reaction) or require heat (endothermic reaction)
• Electric energy - is related to electrons moving through a conductor
• Energy- can be reduced to the concepts of heat and work and can be found in various forms: potential energy, kinetic energy, thermal or internal energy, chemical energy, and nuclear energy
• Enthalpy - is a term with energy units that combines internal energy with a pressure/volume or flow work term
• Entropy - is a property of matter that measures the degree of randomization or disorder. The natural state is for entropy to be produced by all processes
• Heat- is energy in motion from one region to an other as a result of temperature difference
• Internal energy - has to do with activity within the molecular structure and is typically observed with temperature measurement
• Kinetic energy - is the energy of motion and is proportional to the square of the velocity as well to the mass of the moving body
• Nuclear energy - is related to the energy of atomic relationships between the fundamental particles. Nuclear fission and fusion are reactions which release nuclear energy
• Potential energy - is the energy of location or position of a mass in a force field
• Property - is a measurable characteristic of a system or substance. Temperature, density, pressure etc
• Specific Heat Capacity- The specific heat (also called specific heat capacity) is the amount of heat required to change a unit mass (or unit quantity, such as mole) of a substance by one degree in temperature
• Temperature- is a term used to quantify the difference between warm and cold level of internal energy of a substance
• Work- is an energy form which can be equated to the rising of a weight as moving a mass in a force field or moving a liquid against a resisting force

Temperature

Temperature (sometimes called thermodynamic temperature) is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a systems particles. Temperature is the degree of "hotness" ( or "coldness"), a measure of the heat intensity.
When two objects of different temperatures are in contact, the warmer object becomes colder while the colder object becomes warmer. It means that heat flows from the warmer object to the colder one.

Degree Celsius (^oC) and Degree Fahrenheit (^oF)

A thermometer can help us determine how cold or how hot a substance is. Temperatures in science (and in most of the world) are measured and reported in degrees Celsius (^oC). In the U.S., it is common to report temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (^oF). On both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales the temperature at which ice melts (water freezes) and the temperature at which water boils, are used as reference points.

• On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of water is defined as 0 ^oC, and the boiling point of water is defined as 100 ^oC.
• On the Fahrenheit scale, the water freezes at 32 ^oF and the water boils at 212 ^oF.

On the Celsius scale there are 100 degrees between freezing point and boiling point of water, compared to 180 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale. This means that 1 ^oC = 1.8 ^oF.
Thus the following formulas can be used to convert temperature between the two scales:

t_F = 1.8 t_C + 32 = 9/5 t_C + 32         (1)
t_C = 0.56 (t_F - 32) = 5/9 (t_F - 32)         (2)
where
t_C = temperature (^oC)
t_F = temperature (^oF)

The Energy, Heat and Work

Heat energy is transferred as a result of a temperature difference. Energy as heat passes from a warm body with higher temperature to a cold body with lower temperature.
The transfer of energy as a result of the temperature difference alone is referred to as heat flow. The Watt, which is the SI unit of power, can be defined as 1 J/s of heat flow.

Other units used to quantify heat energy are the British Thermal Unit - Btu (the amount of heat to raise 1 lb of water by 1^oF) and the Calorie (the amount of heat to raise 1 gram of water by 1^oC). Units of energy used may be calorie (cal), Joule (J, SI unit) or Btu. For comparing units, check the unit converter for more information!
Calorie is defined as an amount of heat required to change temperature of one gram of liquid water by one degree Celsius.

1 cal = 4.184 J

Specific Enthalpy

This is the term given to the total energy, due to both pressure and temperature, of a fluid (such as water or steam) at any given time and condition. More specifically it is the sum of the internal energy and the work done by an applied pressure.

The basic unit of measurement is the joule (J). Since one joule represents a very small amount of energy it is common to use kiloJoules (kJ) (1 000 Joules).

Specific enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a unit mass. The unit commonly used is kJ/kg.

Energy

Energy is the capacity or capability to do work and energy is used when work are done.
The unit for energy is joule - J, where

1 J = 1 Nm

which is the same unit as for work.

Energy forms

There can be several forms of energy, including

• mechanical energy
• heat or thermal energy
• electrical energy
• chemical energy
• nuclear energy
• light energy

Logarithmic and Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference

According to Newton's Law of Cooling heat transfer rate is related to the instantaneous temperature difference between hot and cold media

• in a heat transfer process the temperature difference vary with position and time

Mean Temperature Difference

The the mean temperature difference in a heat transfer process depends on the direction of fluid flows involved in the process. The primary and secondary fluid in an heat exchanger process may

• flow in the same direction - parallel flow or cocurrent flow
• in the opposite direction - countercurrent flow
• or perpendicular to each other - cross flow

mean temperature difference

 

Heat Transfer of Radiation

Heat transfer through radiation takes place in form of electromagnetic waves mainly in the infrared region. Radiation emitted by a body is a consequence of thermal agitation of its composing molecules. Radiation heat transfer can be described by a reference to the so-called 'black body'.

The Black Body

Heat Transfer of Convective

Heat energy transferred between a surface and a moving fluid at different temperatures is known as convection.
In reality this is a combination of diffusion and bulk motion of molecules. Near the surface the fluid velocity is low, and diffusion dominates. Away from the surface, bulk motion increase the influence and dominates.
Convective heat transfer may take the form of either

• forced or assisted convection
• natural or free convection

Forced or Assisted Convection

Forced convection occurs when a fluid flow is induced by an external force, such as a pump, fan or a mixer.

Heat Transfer of Conductive

Conduction will take place if there exist a temperature gradient in a solid (or stationary fluid) medium.
Energy is transferred from more energetic to less energetic molecules when neighboring molecules collide. Conductive heat flow occur in direction of the decreasing temperature since higher temperature are associated with higher molecular energy.

Fourier's Law express conductive heat transfer as

q = k A dT / s         (1)
where
q = heat transferred per unit time (W, Btu/hr)
A = heat transfer area (m², ft²)
k = thermal conductivity of the material (W/m.K or W/m ^oC, Btu/(hr ^oF ft²/ft))
dT = temperature difference across the material (K or ^oC, ^oF)
s = material thickness (m, ft)

Efficiency of Carnot

A ideal reversible cycle where heat is taken in at a constant upper temperature and rejected at a constant lower temperature was suggested by Sadi Carnot. The theoretically most efficient heat engine cycle, the Carnot cycle, consists of

• two isothermal processes and
• two adiabatic processes

Since the second law of thermodynamics states that not all supplied heat in a heat engine can be used to do work, the Carnot efficiency limits the fraction of heat that can be used.

The Carnot efficiency can be expressed as

μ_C = (T_i - T_o) / T_i         (1)
where
μ_C = efficiency of the Carnot cycle
T_i = temperature at the engine inlet (K)
T_o = temperature at engine exhaust (K)

The wider the range of temperature, the more efficient becomes the cycle. The lowest temperature is limited by the temperature of the sink of heat - if it is the atmosphere or the ocean, river or whatever available. Normally the lowest temperature available is in the range 10 - 20 ^oC. The maximum temperature is limited by the metallurgical strength of available materials.  

Solar radiation absorbed by various materials

Absorbed Solar Radiation by Surface Color

In general the solar energy absorbed can be approximated by the surface color

Surface Color	Absorb Factor - Fraction of Incident Radiation Absorbed (approximated)
White smooth surfaces	0.25 - 0.40
Grey to dark grey	0.40 - 0.50
Green, red and brown	0.50 - 0.70
Dark brown to blue	0.70 - 0.80
Dark blue to black	0.80 - 0.90