History is a great art, a great benefit for live human lesson learned; Ibnu Khaldun told us. The history is not only important for discussing about past war, kings step-up and step-down, occupations, politics and religions. History should tell us how was technology discovered? how was technology’s evolution process, how could technology save people and get better life?, how was it made?. If Charles Darwin said “The Origin of Species; by Means of Natural Selection” then we could say “The Origin of Instrumentation and Control; by Means of Technological Selection”. By these words, the Instrumentation and Control Evolution term has been proudly presented.
Komodo can be classified as an ancient reptile that can stand up to natural selection. There is no harm in also called Bourdon gauge and pneumatic systems that still exist in modern industry as an ancient instrument that can withstand the technology selection. They survive because of their reliability, robustness, safety, and yet there is no substitute. Evolution of Instrumentation and control began in the 1930s until the 2000s, this collection of articles disclosed in the Maintenance of Instrumentation and Control (editor: Lawrence D. Goettsche).
1930s (and earlier kalee)
In 1938 Chemical Processing magazine raised the issue of control mechanisms should be done in distributed manner to all areas of the plant. Local gauge like a pressure gauge, temperature gauge, flow gauge, level gauges distributed throughout the plant which is to be monitored. Operators will see the visual value of the process on the local gauge and will make adjustments on the valve manually to reach the set-point on the local gauge. Control panel also started to be used and placed near the sensing point. Control panel only contains indicators and recorders.
1940s
Use of pneumatic control has become known in recent decades. Technicians are required to have a deeper understanding of the pneumatic process control. The term proportional, integral, derivatives, sensors, and the final element to the vocabulary for them. Sensor-Controller-Final Elements are distributed all placed in the field. The real DCS really is in this phase of pneumatic control. Since each loop has a sensor-controller-final element separately with each of the other loop. In the late 1940s began to arise the idea to collect all information from field to field and action commands from a centralized control unit to a particular panel.
1950s
The control board has started to be known with 3-15 psig pneumatic signal transmission in the early 1950s. Rev 3-15 psig was Used? All tubing-tubing entry and exit signals and carry signals to the control panel to panel cabinets. Thousands of analog indicators, recorders, and the controller displayed on the control panel. At this time a technician dituntuk to truly understand the theory of pneumatic systems and controls.
In the mid-1950s technology, electronic instrumentation came into the world martial. But this technology failed to win the fight in the arena of martial Petrochemical and Petroleum. It seems they only carry electrical theory, without a theory of how to remove the spark (a spark) which are forbidden in environmental reservoirs petrochemicals and petroleum.
But it seems the pneumatic system will still not be replaced by analog switches and relays for process control continues. Namely the control systems that are not just on-off but continues to process control that leads to action throttling control valve.
In the late 1950s, an instrument technician should start adding knowledge about electronics and electricity. Relays, timers, and sequencers contains electronic circuits for process control emerged in this era to perform the function of interlocking and sequencing. And pneumatic system, a little start "expelled" from the world of world of discrete control.
1960
Digital computer for the first time appeared in the control room as the data logger to store data. Then the concept to make the digital computer as a means of centralized control began to emerge in this period. Terpogram computers called PLCs emerged to replace the logic relays, timers, and sequencer. These types of controls that are discrete on-off can be done by the PLC. Pneumatic systems are being "expelled" from the world of discrete on-off switch.
But again analogous regulatory process control continues to move the control valve for throttling the analog is still entrusted to the pneumatic system. A continuous throttling the control valve with a pneumatic system is still too powerful to be shifted by a fully electric system.
1970s
In the mid-1970s the use of computers known as Direct Digital Control (DDC) is centralized in the control room began to become a trend. Thousands of cable signal into the control room into a computer 'giant' who will perform the function of interlocking, sequencing, timer or control functions on-off who can (usually) written into the ladder diagrams. Are ladder diagrams can be used for the PID-based control process continues? (I can not imagine).
Use of the I / P Positioner becoming known in this period. This means that analog control is believed to have started with a pneumatic system mated. Process control transmitter with analogue PID-based analog to drive pneumatic control valve with interface-based I / P positioner.
DCS first came into the world of martial was during this period by Honeywell and Yokogawa. After the euphoria of instrumentation and control system centered on a giant computer called the DDC, DCS attempted to offer the concept of a distributed control concept. This means not only one processor which handles many thousands of I / O but is distributed through the controller, called the microprocessor-based controller. In a single rack cabinet controller there are many so-called microprocessor-based controller. Each controller is limited only handles 8 loops control. One controller fault errors only lead to eight loops. What if the DDC which handles thousands of loops having a fault, then the thousands of loops will experience errors.
Some say that the DCS which are perfectly reliable process continues to handle control / analog control. Because the PLC ladder diagram is considered a perfect handle on-off control. So that the DCS in addition to offering distribution concept can also be considered as an evolution of the pneumatic controller. Although the interface with pneumatic control valve is still required on the final element. But on the side of transmitting all fully transformed Mostly electric signal. Pneumatic systems are massive "expelled" from the world continues process control (analog).
Dicontrol room monitors began performing as an operator interface, not only as a data logger. Operator Interface then known as the MMI or HMI.
With more komplekya instrumentation and control disciplines that require extensive skills of the various sciences; pneumatic, hydrolik, electric, process, sensors, electronic, computer (IT), the Instrumentation and Control Start is seen as a new discipline that specifically disebuah company should stand on their own.
1980s
The first half of the 1980s interacting with the instrument as the operator interface computer world increasingly intense. Developments in this period was made how the more user friendly operator interface and look nice.
The second half of the 1980s was the period in which diagnostic instruments for the field was born. Hardware and software failure reports, an error message, reportable events, and changes in field configuration is an online instrument products. Along with the requirement that the communication protocols HART was born. All diagnostic reports, failure reports, errors, and others are sent through the HART communication protocol. Diagnostic data transmission through a superimposed digital signal into an analog signal is 4-20 mA HART understanding system.
1990s
The development of instrumentation and control in this decade is in line with the development of the IT world, intranet, internet etc.. An I & C engineers are forced to increasingly more expert about the things that smelled of the previous IT rarely sound like; server, Object Linking Embedded, OPC, there may be another. I & C engineer, opened a branch expertises as Control System Engineer for those who have power in this field. With all of the stock control system was "obliged" to be able to communicate with company management information system. Critical production data in the field not just for consumption only technical but also the control room has become the business information required by management.
In line with the IT world perkasanya with digital communications, digital communications, the trend would be brought into the field. Field wiring instruments traditionally used as a 4-20 mA want a communications network as the communication between PCs on an intranet network. It gives birth to new things in the world of fieldbus instrumentation and controls. Each instrument in the field as the PC has the address. And they communicate digitally with each other. Not just communication, fieldbus function block mengekseskusi armed with PID control. Unfortunately, as computer networks, if there is a problem or a network error ngehang benerinnya rather difficult. That's why the safety control system has not been applied to fieldbus systems.
2000s
Are milestones I & C in the 2000s? Because I have not seen yet no vendor invited me to join on their seminars on new technology on the last 5 years: P. So I do not know yet what news in the I & C worlds.
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