Orifice, combined with differential pressure transmitter, is the mostly used flow measurement device in oil & gas plant because of low cost and its ease of installation and maintenance. However, orifice only allows 3:1 rangeability to maintain accuracy. This means, if one wants to measure maximum flow of 10 MMscfd, then the minimum flow measurement that could be measured is only 3.3 MMscfd.
According to Bernoulli principle, the relationship between flow and pressure drop of fluid passing through an orifice is given by the following formulae:
Q = Volumetric flowrate
dP = Measured pressure drop ρ = Density
Ao = Cross-sectional orifice area
Cf = Constant
Hence, flow value could be obtained by measuring pressure drop and the relationship between them is square root.
Let’s say the orifice is intended for flow measurement of 0-10 MMscfd which is represented by 0-100 inH2O pressure drop (as show on below curve)
At maximum flow of 10 MMscfd, a change of 1% of full flow (0.1 MMscfd) to 9.9 MMscfd will be represented by a change of 2% of dP (from 100 inH2O to 98.01 in H2O). The following table summarized the value of flow, its corresponding pressure drop, and its dP change in percentage of full scale for 1% change of full flow at the specified flow. The less flow to be measured, the more sensitivity suffers.
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