The Electrical communication signals

The output signals from most control systems are low power analogue signals but there is a growing use of digital systems such as 'Fieldbus®' or 'Profibus®'.

An analogue system provides a continuous but modulating signal whereas a digital system provides a stream of binary numeric values represented by a change between two specific voltage levels or frequencies.

A comparison between digital and analogue systems can be made using Example a and Example b:

Example a

Imagine two people, person A and person B, each on opposite hilltops and each with a flag and a flag-pole. The aim is for person A to communicate to person B by raising his flag to a certain height. Person A raises his flag half way up his pole. Person B sees this and also raises his flag halfway. As person A moves his flag up or down so does person B to match. This would be similar to an analogue system.

Example  b

Now assume that person A does not have a pole but instead has two boards, one with the figure '0' and the other with the figure '1', and again wants person B to raise his flag half way, that is to a height of 50% of his flag-pole. The binary number for 50 is 110010, so he displays his boards, two at a time, in the corresponding order. Person B reads these boards, translates them to mean 50 and raises his flag exactly half way. This would be similar to a digital system.

It can be seen that the digital system is more precise as the information is either a '1' or a '0' and the position can be accurately defined. The analogue example is not so precise because person B cannot determine if person A's flag is at exactly 50%. It could be at 49% or 51%. It is for this reason, together with higher integration of microprocessor circuitry that digital signals are becoming more widely used.

Digital addressing

Digital addressing allows a controller to send information over a set of wires onto which several receivers are connected and yet be able to communicate with only one of those receivers if required. This is done by allocating an address to each receiver, which the controller must broadcast first.

To explain this, consider the digital example above but now assume that there is another person, person C on a third hill. Person B and person C can both see person A, so person A must first indicate to whom he is communicating.

This is done with the first board. If the first board is a '0' then all subsequent data is intended for person B who adjusts his flag accordingly. Conversely, if the first board is a '1' then all subsequent data is intended for person C. Hence person B has a digital address of '0' and person C has a digital address of '1'; each person knows that the first number to be seen by them refers to the address not the message.